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: ''This article is about the school. For the academic journal, please see Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes'' The École nationale des chartes is a French ''grande école'' which specializes in historical sciences. It was founded in 1821 and was located first at the National Archives, then at the Palais de la Sorbonne (5th arrondissement). In October 2014, it moved to 65 rue de Richelieu (University of Paris II), opposite to the Richelieu-Louvois Site of the National Library of France. The school is administered by the Ministry of National Education, Higher Education and Research. It holds the status of ''grand établissement''. Its students, who are recruited by competitive examination and hold the status of trainee civil servant2, receive the qualification of archivist-paleographer after completing a thesis. They generally go on to follow a career as heritage curators in the archive and visual fields, as library curators or as lecturers and researchers in the human and social sciences. In 2005, the school also introduced Master’s degrees, for which students were recruited based on an application file, and, in 2011, doctorates. ==History== The École des chartes was created by order of Louis XVIII on 22 February 1821,〔Royal Decree of 22 February 1821 establishing a School of Charts, in ''Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes'', 1839-1840, volume 1, p. 26-27〕 although its roots are in the Revolution and the Napoleonic period. The Revolution, during which property was confiscated, congregations were suppressed and competencies were transferred from the Church to the State, produced radical cultural changes. In 1793 the feudist Antoine Maugard approached the public instruction committee of the Convention with a proposal for a project of historical and diplomatic education. The project was never carried out, and Maugard was largely forgotten.〔Project revived in 1891 by Gustave Servois, general guard of the National Archives: "Projet d'un enseignement historique et diplomatique à la Bibliothèque nationale sous la Convention", ''Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes'', 1891, volume 52, p. 353-355.〕 The institution was finally created by the philologist and anthropologist Joseph Marie de Gérando, baron of the Empire and general secretary to Champagny, the Minister of the Interior. In 1807 he submitted a proposal to Napoleon for the creation of a school to train young scholars of history.〔Letter from the Baron of Gérando to Mr. Marial Delpit, 6 April 1839, in ''Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes'', 1839-1840, volume 1, p. 24-25.〕 Napoleon examined the proposal and declared that he wished to develop a much larger specialist history school.〔Auguste Vallet de Viriville, "Notes et documents pouvant servir à l'histoire de l'école royale des chartes. Recherches sur le projet présenté à l'Empereur en 1807, par le baron de Gérando", in ''Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes'', 1848, volume 9, p. 153-176.〕 However, Gérando was posted to Italy on an administrative mission, and the project was interrupted. At the end of 1820, Gérando convinced Count Siméon, a philosopher and professor of law who had been state councilor under the Empire and who was at that time Minister of the Interior, of the usefulness of an institution modeled on the ''grandes écoles'', dedicated to the study of “a branch of French literature”,〔"Rapport adressé au roi Louis XVIII le 22 February 1821 par M. le comte Siméon, ministre de l'Intérieur", in ''Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes'', 1839-1840, volume 1, p. 25.〕 the charters. The 1820s were a favorable period for the creation of the École des chartes. This was firstly because the atmosphere of nostalgia for the Middle Ages created a desire to train specialists who would, by carrying out a direct study of archives and manuscripts confiscated during the Revolution, be able to renew French historiography. Secondly, the need was also felt to maintain this branch of study, which stemmed from Maurist tradition, since the field was endangered by a lack of knowledgeable collaborators in the “science of charters and manuscripts”. And thirdly, during the reign of Louis XVIII, a period which saw the return of the Ultras and during which the constitutional monarchy was called into question, the political context influenced the creation of an institution whose name inevitably made explicit reference to the defense of the Charter.〔Lara Jennifer Moore, Restoring order. "The École des Chartes and the Organization of Archives and Libraries in France, 1820-1870", Duluth (Minn.), Litwin Books, 2008.〕 Under the order of 1821, twelve students were nominated by the Minister of the Interior, based on propositions by the ''Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres''〔Royal decree of 22 February 1821, article 2, in the library of Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes, 1839-1840, volume 1, op.cit.〕, and they were paid〔Royal decree of 22 February 1821, article 1, in ''Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes'', 1839-1840, volume 1, op.cit〕 during the two years of their studies. They principally studied paleography and philology, with a purely practical aim: to be able to read and understand the documents that they would be responsible for curating.〔Royal decree of 22 February 1821, article 3, in ''Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes'', 1839-1840, volume 1, op.cit.〕 The professors and students of the school were placed under the authority of the curator of medieval manuscripts of the Royal Library, rue de Richelieu, and of the general guard of the Archives of the Kingdom.〔Royal decree of 22 February 1821, article 5, in ''Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes'', 1839-1840, volume 1, op.cit.〕 This first experience was not very successful, mainly because no job openings were reserved for the students. The first course was implemented in two stages by the ministerial decree of 11 May (for the Royal Library course) and by the decree of 21 December 1821 (for the Archives of the Kingdom course), and was the only one run. The ''Académie'' did put forward a new list of candidates,〔L’École, son histoire, son œuvre. Livre du centenaire, Paris, Auguste Picard, 1921, p. 10.〕 and the course length was set at two years〔Royal decree of 16 July 1823, in ''Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes'', 1839-1840, volume 1, p. 27-28.〕 by the Order of 16 July 1823, but lessons had to be suspended on 19 December 1823 due to a lack of students. However, following a long period of inactivity, the Ministry of the Interior decided to re-open the school. Rives, the director of staff of the ministry, together with Dacier, drew up a report on the reorganization of the School and a draft order,〔Martial Delpit, Notice historique sur l'École royale des Chartes, in ''Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes''. 1839-1840, volume 1. p. 6〕 proposed to Charles X by La Bourdonnaye, which resulted in the order of 11 November 1829.〔Royal decree of 11 November 1829 containing the reorganization of the École des chartes, in ''Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes'', 1839-1840, volume 1, p. 32-33.〕 The school was now open to anyone who had acquired the Baccalaureate, but six to eight students were selected by competitive examination at the end of the first year. They received a salary and followed two further years of training. On completion of their studies, they received the qualification of archivist-paleographer and were reserved half of the available jobs in libraries and archives. The first valedictorian was Alexandre Teulet. The "Guizot period" benefited the École des chartes, which soon became an important institution in the field of historical – particularly medieval – studies. On 24 March 1839 the Société de l’École des chartes〔Chronique et Mélanges, in ''Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes''. 1889, volume 50. p. 278-289〕 was founded by Louis Douët d’Arcq, among others, and it published the Bibliothèque de l’École des Chartes, one of the oldest French scientific reviews, to disseminate the work carried out in the school. The Order of 31 December 1846〔Royal decree of 31 décembre 1846, in ''Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes'', 1847, volume 8, p. 170-173〕 implemented a fundamental reorganization of the school and its study program, which then remained unchanged for more than a century. The students, who were holders of the Baccalaureate, were recruited by examination (which shortly afterwards became a competitive examination), and followed a three-year course of studies. Interdisciplinarity, an essential characteristic of the school, was then written into the reform, which required students to study six subjects, some of which were not taught anywhere else. The second innovation, a thesis, was introduced, with the first public defense being held in 1849. A surveillance council was set up, consisting of the guard of the Archives, the director of the Royal Library, the director of the School and five members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres. The school was finally provided with a new statute. It moved to the Kingdom Archives in the hôtel de Soubise, in the oval hall and adjacent rooms of the hôtel de Clisson. By now, the École des chartes had become a point of reference in Europe.〔Paul Frédéricq, ''L'enseignement supérieur de l'histoire à Paris, notes et impressions de voyage'' in ''Revue internationale de l'enseignement'', 2e semestre 1883,p. 746-752 () : "The École des chartes to me appeared to be an institution without equal. Together with the École pratique des hautes Études, it offers the most solid, most complete, most truly scientific historical education in Paris. Other countries envy France its already venerable École des chartes. Germany, so well equipped with history and auxiliary science universities, as yet has no counterpart to my knowledge.〕 Its historical research methodology had been greatly modernized, as had its teaching methods, thanks to the copies of ancient documents to which it had access. The students were taught paleography, sigillography, numismatics, philology, filing for archives and libraries, historical geography, currencies, systems of weights and measures, the history of political institutions in France, archeology, civil law, canonic law and feudal law. The teaching had both a scientific and a professional aim. Thus, by gradually integrating into the network of royal then national and departmental archive services, the graduates of the school contributed to the densification of the network and to the improvement of archivist principles. A pathway for the graduates was thus established in the archives, first implemented by the Order of 31 December 1846, then reinforced by a legislative framework providing them with a means to enforce this law. The decree of 4 February 1850 reserved the posts of departmental archivist to those holding the qualification of archivist-paleographer,〔See Vincent Mollet, 'La conquête des archives départementales', dans ''École nationale des chartes. Histoire de l’École depuis 1821'', Yves-Marie Bercé, Olivier Guyotjeannin, Marc Smith (dir.), Thionville, Gérard Klopp, 1997, p. 253-262.〕 while all the job posts at the National Archives (except the position of senior civil servant) were reserved for them by the decree of 14 May 1887. The same could not be said of libraries. The order of 1839〔Order of 29 February 1939, articles 15 et 26 relating to the École des chartes, in ''Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes'', 1839-1840, volume 1, p. 42.〕 was never applied, and although the order of 1839 reserved places at the Royal Library for École des chartes graduates, fewer than 7% of them worked in a library in 1867.〔Henri-Jean Martin, « Les chartistes et les bibliothèques », Bulletin des bibliothèques de France, 1972, no 12,p. 529-537 () : In 1867, of 222 alumni of the École des chartes, only 15 found employment as librarians, 13 of them in Paris and two elsewhere in France.〕 It was not until the end of the Second Empire, partly thanks to the work of Léopold Delisle, the general administrator of the national library, that the qualifications of the school’s graduates were recognized by libraries.〔See Louis Desgraves, Quelques éminents bibliothécaires : galerie, in ''École nationale des chartes. Histoire de l’École depuis 1821'', op. cit., p. 263-267.〕 Little by little, decrees and orders facilitated their access to jobs in libraries. The school moved in 1866 into more suitable premises in the hôtel de Breteuil, rue des Francs-Bourgeois, without this move having much effect on the teaching. Seven professorships were instituted by the decree of 30 January 1869: paelography; Latin languages; bibliography; filing for libraries and archives; diplomacy; political, administrative and judiciary institutions in France; civil and canonic law of the Middle Ages and archeology of the Middle Ages. Apart from minor modifications, these remained unchanged until 1955. The school moved once again in 1897, to 19 rue de la Sorbonne, into the premises originally intended for the Paris Faculté de théologie catholique. This move brought the school geographically closer to the other research and teaching institutions based at the Sorbonne, such as the Faculté de lettres and the École pratique des hautes études. The school had a classroom, with windows along both sides and special deep desks for paleography practice, as well as a library, in which books were available for immediate access.〔Christian Hottin, Le 19, rue de la Sorbonne, l’École ses bâtiments, sa décoration, dans ''L’École nationale des chartes. Histoire de l’École depuis 1821'', op. cit., p. 142-148. Text available on HAL-SHS (notice halshs-00087473 ())〕 Although the premises have been refurbished, the school is still located here today. During the 1920s, a number of moves to other premises were proposed,〔Christian Hottin, ''L’École des chartes : institutionnalité et architecture''. Text available on HAL-SHS (notice halshs-00089095 ())〕 with suggestions including the hôtel de Rohan in 1924, the garden of the Institution for Deaf-Mutes (suggested by Michel Roux-Spitz), a plot on rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs, a house on rue de Vaugirard, the former Polytechnic School, and the refectory of the Bernardins. The school will move in 2015 to the Richelieu area, into new premises at 65 rue de Richelieu and 12 rue des Petits-Champs. The school was also a founding member of the Campus Condorcet,〔Decree no. 2012-286 of 28 February 2012 establishing Campus Condorcet, a public institution of scientific cooperation ().〕 and for this reason, some of its research activities were conducted at the Aubervilliers campus. The image of the École des chartes, in political and social terms, was firmly anchored, even though it has sometimes been classified as a right-wing institution.〔Olivier Dumoulin, « Histoire et historiens de droite », in Jean-François Sirinelli (dir.), ''Histoire des droites en France'', volume 2, « Cultures », Éditions Gallimard, collection « Tel », 2006,p. 361-362〕 The image of the "right-wing chartiste" originated in the figure of the "amateur", the son of a well-off family, passing through the school to kill time elegantly, or to "wait", in the words of Robert Martin du Gard,〔Bertrand Joly, 'Les chartistes et la politique', dans ''L’École nationale des chartes. Histoire de l’École depuis 1821'', op. cit.,p. 169-178〕 who graduated from the school in 1905. In fact, throughout the 19th century there was a discontinuity between the high-prestige training offered by the École des chartes and the lower-prestige, modestly remunerated jobs open to graduates. However, this reputation was at least partly unfounded, as demonstrated by several cases. At the time of the Dreyfus Affair,〔Bertrand Joly, 'L'École des chartes et l'Affaire Dreyfus', in ''Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes''. 1989, volume 147.p. 611-671 ().〕 for example, the milieu of the École des chartes mirrored the divisions in French society: “Nowhere were civic quarrels more completely invested in the job of historian”.〔Madeleine Rebérioux, 'Histoire, historiens et dreyfusisme', in ''Revue historique'', t. 255, 1976, p. 407-432, à la p. 425. Cited by Bertrand Joly, L'École des chartes et l'Affaire Dreyfus, op. cit.〕 The few chartistes who were called upon as experts during the Zola process – Arthur Giry, Auguste Molinier, Paul Meyer, Paul Viollet and Gaston Paris – and who were involved in the founding of the League of Human Rights were attacked by other archivist-paleographers, including Robert de Lasteyrie, Gabriel Hanotaux and Émile Couard, as well as by their students at the École des chartes. The variety of engagements at the time of the Dreyfus Affair did not necessarily reflect the political sensitivities of those involved, and their motives were political as well as professional, jeopardizing the very training and methods of the school.〔See Laurent Ferri. 'Émile Zola et « ces messieurs de l’École des chartes »' in the Dreyfus Affair : unpublished, in ''Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes''. 2006, volume 164, livraison 2. p. 595-603 ().〕 Although it was conservative to some extent, the school admitted a female student, Geneviève Acloque, in 1906, long before the other ''grandes écoles'' had started admitting women. The École des chartes may have been perceived as a bastion of the French Action during the interwar period, although several relatively prominent alumni, such as Georges Bataille or Roger Martin du Gard, seem to have been more left-leaning. During the Second World War, there were therefore more École des chartes students and teachers on the side of the Resistance than on the side of Vichy. Bertrand Joly concludes that the school was largely neutral, in that each “wing” seems to have been equally represented, a neutrality that was also justified by the fact that the school was not big enough for its members to have a significant effect on national politics. The École des charte's entrance examination and internal examinations were reformed at the beginning of the 1930s.〔Decrees of 19 June 1931, 16 March 1931 and 5 October 1932〕 At this time,〔Decree of 22 February 1932 ; decrees of 29 April 1933 and 29 November 1933〕 the school began offering the qualification of diplôme technique de bibliothécaire (DTB) 34, which was required to obtain a job as a librarian in first-category municipal libraries or university libraries. The school opened its classes on the history of books and bibliography to external students preparing for the qualification. This practice continued until 1950, when the ''diplôme supérieur de bibliothécaire'' (DSB) replaced the DTB as the qualification for librarians. The mid-20th century was a difficult period for the school as it struggled to modernize. Its student numbers dropped sharply (there were only 11 archivist-paleographers in the class of 1959〔Chroniques, in ''Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes'', 1959, volume 117, p. 386 ().〕). Its training was considered to be outdated and lacking in the latest approaches to history, notably the historiographic revival of the Annales School.〔Daniel Renoult, 'Les formations à la recherche de leurs réformes', in ''Histoire des bibliothèques françaises'', 2e éd., volume IV, p. 847-858, particularly p. 848.〕 It was not until the 1990s, when the entrance examination and teaching were reformed and a new policy was introduced, that the school really saw a revival. It entered a period of development under the direction of Yves-Marie Bercé (1992-2001) and Anita Guerreau-Jalabert (2001-2006). The current development of the school is based on solid training in new technologies and their application to the conservation of cultural heritage, and closer, more structured links with French universities and similar institutions in other European countries. The teaching has also been restructured to be better suited to the current demands of scientific research and evolution in conservation jobs. This approach will be introduced gradually as of the academic year 2014-15. Since the current director, Jean-Michel Leniaud, took up his post in 2011, the school has once more reformed its entrance examination to focus student recruitment on the specifics of the training, while also expanding the training to a broader field of human and social sciences, adapting it to the European context and recruitment conditions within conservation organizations. The range of subjects taught, which was expanded in the 1990s to include history of art, now also includes archeology, history of contemporary law, and history of property law. The course has been extended from three years to three years and nine months, aligning training in fundamental scientific techniques with empowerment in conservation jobs. In no other social and human sciences institution is the study of history, philology and law integrated to this extent into the conservation of archives, books monuments and works of art, be they inventories, historic monuments or museums. As well as improving the recruitment process and upgrading the training of future archivist-paleographers, the school has introduced specialized Master’s programs focusing on digital technologies adapted to the humanities. It has recently introduced a continuing training service that takes into account the ''validation des acquis de l’expérience (VAE)'' (a certification accrediting work experience). The school’s collaboration with the Établissement Public de Coopération Scientific (Campus Condorcet Paris-Aubervilliers), the ComUE heSam University and the Sorbonne Universities demonstrates the new directions that it has taken in recent years. To this end, it has modernized its administration, implemented ambitious communications programs and established a new campus opposite the National Library on rue de Richelieu. It is thus preparing to fulfill as effectively as possible the public service role assigned to it by the government. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「École Nationale des Chartes」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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